ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Deficient auditory processing can cause problems with speech perception and affect the development and evolution of reading skills. The efferent auditory pathway has an important role in normal auditory system functions like speech-in-noise perception, but there is still no general agreement on this. Objective: To study the performance of the efferent auditory system in a group of children with reading impairment in comparison with normal reading and evaluation of its relationship with speech-in-noise perception. Methods: A total of 53 children between the ages of 8-12 years were selected for the study of which 27 were with reading impairment and 26 were normal reading children. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and auditory recognition of words-in-noise test were performed for all the children. Results: The average amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression showed a significant difference between the two groups in the right (p = 0.004) and in the left ear (p = 0.028). Assessment of the relationship between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and monaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores showed a significant moderate negative relationship only in the right ear (p = 0.034, r = −0.41) of the normal reading children. Binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores were significantly correlated with the amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right ear (p < 0.001, r = −0.75) and in the left ear (p < 0.001, r = −0.64) of normal reading children. In the reading impaired group, ?a weaker correlation was observed between binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right (p = 0.003, r = −0.55) and in the left ear (p = 0.012, r = −0.47). Conclusions: Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression pattern in the reading impaired group was different compared with normal reading children, and this difference could be related to efferent system performance. Words-in-noise scores in children with impaired reading were lower than in normal reading children. In addition, a relationship was found between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and words-in-noise scores in both normal and impaired reading children.
Resumo Introdução: O processamento auditivo deficiente pode causar problemas na percepção da fala e afetar o desenvolvimento e a evolução das habilidades de leitura. A via auditiva eferente tem um papel importante nas funções do sistema auditivo normal, como a percepção da fala no ruído, mas ainda não há um consenso sobre isso. Objetivo: Estudar o desempenho do sistema auditivo eferente em um grupo de crianças com dificuldade de leitura em comparação às com leitura normal e avaliação de sua relação com a percepção da fala no ruído. Método: Foram selecionadas para o estudo 53 crianças entre oito e 12 anos, das quais 27 tinham dificuldade de leitura e 26 apresentavam leitura normal. A avaliação por emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e o teste auditory recognition of words-in-noise foram feitos em todas as crianças. Resultados: A amplitude média da supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes mostrou diferença significante entre os dois grupos na orelha direita (p = 0,004) e esquerda (p = 0,028). A avaliação da relação entre a supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e os escores monoaurais do teste auditory recognition of words-in-noise mostrou uma relação negativa moderadamente significante apenas na orelha direita (p = 0,034, r = -0,41) das crianças com leitura normal. Os escores binaurais do auditory recognition of words-in-noise foram significantemente correlacionados com a amplitude de supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes na orelha direita (p < 0,001, r = -0,75) e na orelha esquerda (p < 0,001, r = -0,64) das crianças com leitura normal. No grupo com dificuldade de leitura, uma correlação mais fraca foi observada entre os escores binaurais do auditory recognition of words-in-noise e supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes, na orelha direita (p = 0,003, r = -0,55) e na esquerda (p = 0,012, r = -0,47). Conclusões: O padrão de supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes no grupo com dificuldade de leitura foi diferente em comparação com as crianças com leitura normal e essa diferença pode estar relacionada ao desempenho do sistema eferente. Os escores de palavras no ruído em crianças com dificuldade de leitura foram menores do que nas crianças com leitura normal. Além disso, foi encontrada uma relação entre a supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e os escores de palavras no ruído tanto em crianças com leitura normal quanto nas com dificuldade de leitura.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Auditory Pathways/physiology , Speech Perception/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology , Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology , Dyslexia/physiopathology , Efferent Pathways/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Case-Control Studies , NoiseABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A deficit in phonological processing abilities has been hypothesized as a cause of reading deficits among poor readers, but the precise etiology of this deficit is still unknown. Many studies have investigated the relation of auditory processing and speech perception with phonological processing, while the relation between these are not well understood. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the relation between these abilities among poor readers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 20 children between 7-12 years of age participated in the study. Among these 10 were typically developing children and 10 were poor readers. Auditory processing, speech perception in noise and phonological processing skills were assessed in both the groups. RESULTS: Auditory processing was not significantly different between children in both the groups. In contrast, phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory and rapid automatized naming, which reflect phonological processing, and speech perception in noise were found to be significantly affected in poor readers. In addition, the results showed a significant correlation between phonological processing and speech perception in noise. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a significant relationship between speech perception in noise and phonological processing, while there was no relationship between auditory processing and phonological processing. This finding suggests that poor speech perception among poor readers may be one of the contributing factors for phonological processing deficits, which in turn leads to reading difficulties.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Memory, Short-Term , Noise , Speech PerceptionABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo principal describir los trastornos del lenguaje en el adulto a consecuencia de un daño cerebral. Las alteraciones del lenguaje oral se abordarán considerando los siguientes tópicos: Algunos conceptos lingüísticos básicos para describir con exactitud las alteraciones del lenguaje; el sistema funcional del lenguaje en el que participan áreas persilvianas, hemisferio derecho y zonas prefrontales; las afasias que son un trastorno parcial o total del lenguaje; los pacientes afásicos considerando sus antecedentes clínicos, la actitud frente al defecto, el deterioro intelectual y otros defectos asociados; el tratamiento de las afasias que tiene por objetivo que el paciente logre una comunicación funcional y una adaptación psicosocial en relación a la alteración de lenguaje y por último, los trastornos del discurso que comprometen especialmente su contenido y su uso. En relación a las alteraciones del lenguaje lectoescrito se describirán los diferentes tipos de agrafias y alexias. Finalmente, cabe señalar dos aspectos, el primero, es que además de las afasias existen otros trastornos del lenguaje y el segundo, es que la evaluación del lenguaje es fundamental para el manejo y la rehabilitación del paciente.
The main purpose of the current review is to describe the language disorders in adult as a consequence of brain damage. The oral language disorders will be approached regarding the following topics: some basic linguistic concepts to describe language disturbances accurately; the functional language system involving perisylvian areas, right hemisphere and prefrontal areas; aphasia that represent a total or partial language impairment; the patient with aphasia, regarding their clinical background, their attitude towards the alteration, the cognitive impairment and other associated disorders; the aphasia treatment which has for purposes to achieve a functional communication and psychological and social adaptation considering their language impairment and, at last, the discourse impairment which affects their use and content. Regarding the reading and writing impairment, agraphia and alexia types will be described. Finally, it is important to mention two aspects: first, besides aphasia there are other language disorders and, second, language assessment is essential to the management and rehabilitation of the patient.